Stephen Kinzer

The history of Chechnya is one of imperialism gone terribly wrong. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Chechens were among the few peoples to fend off Mongol conquerors, but at a terrible cost. Turks, Persians, and Russians sought to seize Chechnya, and it was finally absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1859.

American Author

Turks have long admired the sultan, Mehmet II, for his military triumphs, especially his capture of Constantinople, now known as Istanbul, in 1453.

Refers to an individual's connection to Turkey, emphasizing their nationality and heritage.

National Identity

Use with respect to ethnicity; awareness of cultural identity is crucial to avoid offense.

Cultural Sensitivity

Recognize that 'Turk' can imply a broad range of Turkish-speaking cultures, not just Turkey's citizens.

Ethnic Broadness

Understand that Turkic peoples have a diverse and widespread historical presence across regions.

Historical Context

Note that this meaning is outdated and mainly used in historical or academic contexts.

Archaic Usage

Reflects a high status within historical empires, often associated with power and leadership.

Historic Rank

Used metaphorically for someone challenging established norms or authorities within a group.

As Symbolic Rebellion

In political contexts, 'Turk' may not relate to nationality but to a person's ideological stance.

Not Always Turkish

Often conveys the image of energetic and determined young people in a movement or organization.

Associated with Youth

 many of them oppose the vietnam war something the older editors several of whom were world war ii veterans disagreed with the young turks pushed for edgier stories about contemporary issues like pollution and racism gill had watched his dad remake national geographic with big ideas and big

A Man of the World PIPE...

 all tilt one way candelabra cacti deal with lack of water by storing it in their stems while turks head cacti have roots several meters long